0.07 5.4 0.05 Niedersachsen 4.0 0.09 5,2* 0.03 Nordrhein-Westfalen 3,9* 0.07 4,2* 0.04 Rheinland-Pfalz 4.9 0.08 5.5 0.04 Saarland 4,1* 0.11 4.4 0.07 Sachsen 4,4* 0.08 4.7 0.04 Sachsen-Anhalt 4,8* 0.09 [...] 09 5.0 0.05 Schleswig-Holstein 4,2* 0.12 4,0* 0.06 Thüringen 4.2 0.13 4,6* 0.06 Westdeutschland 4.2 0.03 4.7 0.02 Ostdeutschland 4.7 0.04 4.9 0.02 Deutschland 4.4 0.02 4.8 0.01 Hinweis: Durchschnittliche [...] Sachsen-Anhalt 4,6* 0.06 4,9* 0.05 Schleswig-Holstein 3.6 0.08 3.7 0.07 Thüringen 4.2 0.06 4.4 0.06 Westdeutschland 4.1 0.03 4.7 0.03 Ostdeutschland 4.6 0.03 4.9 0.02 Deutschland 4.2 0.03 4.8 0.02 Hinweis: …

537 3,163 4,786 4,429 9,215 2,515 6,700 6 4 3 5162016 Kaarst, Stadt 8,662 1,220 1,295 1,714 1,670 1,662 1,101 2,515 4,229 4,433 4,512 4,150 888 826 2,331 2,102 3,219 2,928 6,147 1,714 4,433 10 4 4 5162022 [...] 639 1,620 1,694 1,347 2,400 4,039 4,661 4,477 4,223 850 789 2,420 2,241 3,270 3,030 6,300 1,639 4,661 3 4 2 5374000 Oberbergischer Kreis 32,348 4,691 4,918 6,095 5,912 6,081 4,651 9,609 15,704 16,644 16 [...] 286.3 53.9 237.4 53.5 101.8 201.1 168.9 18.0 105.5 4.5 20.4 93.4 168.9 44.9 59.3 4 2 3 5154036 Kleve, Stadt 253.4 239.4 372.4 365.8 75.6 263.1 128.4 136.0 226.7 139.9 11.6 130.0 104.1 54.4 64.8 69.9 23.3 …

Brandenburg 4.2 Bremen 4.4 Hamburg 4.0 Hessen 3.9 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4.2 Niedersachsen 3.9 Nordrhein-Westfalen 3.9 Rheinland-Pfalz 3.2 Saarland 4.0 Sachsen 4.4 Sachsen-Anhalt 4.5 Schleswig-Holstein 4.5 Thüringen [...] Brandenburg 4.1 Bremen 4.4 Hamburg 4.0 Hessen 3.8 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4.1 Niedersachsen 4.0 Nordrhein-Westfalen 3.8 Rheinland-Pfalz 3.2 Saarland 3.6 Sachsen 4.5 Sachsen-Anhalt 4.7 Schleswig-Holstein 4.4 Thüringen [...] 2.4 2.3 Nordrhein-Westfalen 15,237 874 363 2,520 1,062 821 8,211 714 672 5.7 2.4 16.5 7.0 5.4 53.9 4.7 4.4 Rheinland-Pfalz 1,535 106 21 251 39 50 900 88 80 6.9 1.4 16.4 2.5 3.3 58.6 5.7 5.2 Saarland 247 …

0.04 4,051 4.6 0.03 4,049 3.3* 0.04 4,008 3.8 0.04 4,052 2.7* 0.04 4,024 2.4* 0.03 3,897 4.3* 0.04 4,042 3.7* 0.04 4,055 3.8 0.04 3,996 4.0* 0.03 4,053 2.9* 0.03 4,052 3.2* 0.04 4,051 3.6 0.05 4,059 3 [...] 2 8,087 9.0 4,795 5.4 451 0.5 Bayern 87,737 15,689 17.9 11,781 13.4 9,571 10.9 10,887 12.4 10,849 12.4 8,845 10.1 8,258 9.4 7,171 8.2 4,293 4.9 393 0.4 Berlin 30,545 2,471 8.1 4,274 14.0 4,478 14.7 3,975 [...] 84 771 Deutschland 94 0.38 4,703 57 0.78 4,657 99 0.14 4,706 20* 0.64 4,631 9* 0.45 4,628 80* 0.63 4,681 11* 0.51 4,612 18* 0.59 4,627 28* 0.71 4,635 18 0.60 4,621 35* 0.77 4,373 Fragetext: Welche der folgenden …

Measuring Non-Expert Comprehension of Machine Learning Fairness Metrics

Appendix B.4 for further details. 4.2. Study-2 We first confirm the validity of our comprehension score, then compare comprehension across definitions and exam- ine the hypotheses generated in Study-1. 4.2.1 [...] Study-2 Ethnicity AI or AN 0.7 0.7 0.9 Asian or NH or PI 5.7 1.4 2.3 Black or AA 12.3 10.2 15.8 Hispanic or Latinx 18.1 12.2 7.7 Other 2.6 2.7 1.4 White 60.6 72.8 71.9 Education Level Less than HS 12.1 6.1 [...] they were designed to be consistent across conditions. 4. Results In this section we first discuss the preliminary findings from Study-1 (see §4.1). These findings were used as hypotheses for further …

9 Bayern 4.0 Berlin, Stadt 4.0 Brandenburg 4.0 Bremen 4.9 Hamburg 4.1 Hessen 4.0 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4.1 Niedersachsen 4.0 Nordrhein-Westfalen3 4.1 Rheinland-Pfalz 3.4 Saarland 4.5 Sachsen 4.3 Sachsen-Anhalt [...] Brandenburg 4.2 Bremen 4.4 Hamburg 4.0 Hessen 3.9 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4.2 Niedersachsen 3.9 Nordrhein-Westfalen 3.9 Rheinland-Pfalz 3.2 Saarland 4.0 Sachsen 4.4 Sachsen-Anhalt 4.5 Schleswig-Holstein 4.5 Thüringen [...] Brandenburg 4.1 Bremen 4.4 Hamburg 4.0 Hessen 3.8 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 4.1 Niedersachsen 4.0 Nordrhein-Westfalen 3.8 Rheinland-Pfalz 3.2 Saarland 3.6 Sachsen 4.5 Sachsen-Anhalt 4.7 Schleswig-Holstein 4.4 Thüringen …

1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 +0.2 ● +0.4 ● Bayern 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.9 +0.1 ● +0.7 ● Saarland 4.9 4.4 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.2 5.4 6.2 6.1 +1.2 ● +1.2 ● Ostdeutschland [...] 791 4,947 5,073 4,932 4,536 4,021 3,766 3,580 3,584 3,905 3,987 4,063 4,067 4,135 3,934 3,991 4,168 4,091 4,191 4,342 4,484 4,698 4,802 4,995 5,386 5,360 5,392 5,351 4,874 4,749 4,656 4,862 5,076 4,731 [...] 0 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.1 +0.0 ● -0.0 ● Westdeutschland 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.4 +0.2 ● +0.2 ● Schleswig-Holstein 7.0 7.3 7.7 7.8 7.7 7.3 7.5 7.4 7.2 7.5 7.5 +0.2 ● +0.4 ● Hamburg …

600 Saarland 4.1* 0.11 152 4.4 0.07 464 Sachsen 4.4* 0.08 253 4.7 0.04 767 Sachsen-Anhalt 4.8* 0.09 209 5.0 0.05 568 Schleswig-Holstein 4.2* 0.12 162 4.0* 0.06 584 Thüringen 4.2 0.13 160 4.6* 0.06 493 [...] 214 5.4* 0.04 530 Saarland 3.8 0.14 138 4.3 0.08 423 Sachsen 4.0* 0.09 230 4.4* 0.05 690 Sachsen-Anhalt 4.7 0.10 164 4.9 0.06 459 Schleswig-Holstein 3.8* 0.14 116 3.9 0.07 482 Thüringen 4.3 0.12 151 4.4* [...] 09 323 4.2* 0.06 498 Sachsen 4.0 0.06 592 4.6* 0.05 698 Sachsen-Anhalt 4.6* 0.06 537 4.9* 0.05 611 Schleswig-Holstein 3.6 0.08 473 3.7 0.07 636 Thüringen 4.2 0.06 549 4.4 0.06 618 Westdeutschland 4.1* 0 …

2 141.3 150.5 68.8 66.6 67.8 90.4 74.7 82.8 10 4 4 5566028 Ibbenbüren, Stadt 466.1 384.0 426.5 280.4 201.4 242.3 185.7 182.6 184.2 96.4 109.2 102.6 89.4 73.4 81.7 10 4 4 5158020 Langenfeld (Rhld.), Stadt [...] 35.2 27.9 9.4 67.6 3 4 2 5962000 Märkischer Kreis 297 47.8 39.4 16.8 55.9 3 4 2 5770000 Minden-Lübbecke, Kreis 239 36.4 28.0 18.4 61.9 3 4 2 5162000 Neuss, Kreis 126 39.7 30.2 21.4 44.4 3 4 2 5374000 O [...] 45.4 6 4 3 5162016 Kaarst, Stadt 265.4 383.5 182.4 300.5 83.0 30.4 52.6 6 4 3 5154032 Kevelaer, Stadt 367.6 369.4 196.1 197.8 171.6 87.5 84.0 6 4 3 5382024 Königswinter, Stadt 156.6 157.8 52.2 53.4 104 …

Technical Note: Accuracy of MTF measurements with an edge phantom at megavoltage x‐ray energies

geometric unsharpness, which can result in an underestimation of the true MTF. Edge phantoms made from 4.0 cm thick tungsten or 5.0 cm thick lead induce comparatively small systematic errors of below 3% or [...] work is properly cited. 5685 https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.13843 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1002%2Fmp.13843&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2019-10-21 beam [...] phantoms had a thickness of 1.3, 3.3, 5.0, and 10.0 cm, showing an x-ray transmission of 34%, 10%, 4%, and 0.3%, respectively. Measurement setup and analysis followed the established methods for diagnostic …